For the past 11 days, about 1,500 workers of South Korean technology giant Samsung Electronics have been striking work in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, leading to major disruptions in production.
The plant in Chennai city, one of Samsung’s two factories in India, employs nearly 2,000 workers and produces home appliances, contributing about a third to the company’s annual $12bn (£9bn) revenue in India.
The striking workers gather at a plot of land near the 17-year-old factory daily, demanding that Samsung recognize their newly-formed labor union – the Samsung India Labor Welfare Union (SILWU). They say that only a union can help them negotiate better wages and working hours with the management.
The protest, one of the largest Samsung has seen in recent years, comes even as Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been courting foreign investment by positioning India as a viable alternative to China for manufacturing activities.
Samsung India has released a statement saying that the welfare of its workers was its top priority. “We have initiated discussions with our workers at the Chennai plant to resolve all issues at the earliest,” it said.
Hours earlier, the police had detained around 104 workers for undertaking a protest march without permission. The protesters were released in the evening.
“The workers have decided to strike work indefinitely until their demands are met,” said A Soundararajan, member of Center of Indian Trade Unions (CITU), backed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist). Citu has backed the new union in the factory.
The workers have three key demands: Samsung must recognize the new union, allow collective bargaining, and reject competing unions as about 90% of the workforce belongs to SILWU, said Mr. Soundararajan.
Workers, earning an average of 25,000 rupees ($298; £226) a month, are demanding staggered raises totaling a 50% increase over the next three years, according to Citu.
Citu also alleged that workers at the plant were being “pressured to finish each product – like a refrigerator, washing machine, or TV – within 10-15 seconds”, work non-stop for four to five hours at a stretch, and do their jobs in unsafe conditions.
Mr. Soundararajan also alleged that workers were pressured by the management to leave the new union and that their families were threatened as well.
The BBC has sent Samsung India a detailed set of questions for a response.
Meanwhile, Tamil Nadu’s Labor Welfare Minister CV Ganesan said he had assured union officials that talks were under way to resolve their issues. “We will fulfill the demands of the workers,” he said.
Sijo*, a protester, said that he arrives at the protest site daily at 08:00 IST (02:30 GMT) and stays until 17:00, joining hundreds of workers in their blue Samsung India uniforms.
The union arranges for lunch and water for the protesters, while a makeshift cloth tent protects them from the elements. There are no washroom facilities, so the workers use the outdoors.
“Since the factory was set up, employees have been working without complaints or a union. But things have been getting bad over the past couple of years, and now, we need the support of a union,” Sijo said.
He added that his salary does not keep pace with the cost of living and that this has put a strain on his family’s finances.
Up until 2020, The Samsung Group was known for not allowing unions to represent its workers. But things changed after the company came under intense public scrutiny after its chairman was prosecuted for market manipulation and bribery.
Millions of Indian workers join trade unions – often backed by leftist parties – who use their political clout to enforce labor laws and negotiate better conditions. “Foreign companies set up in India but resist following local laws on workers’ rights to association and collective bargaining,” alleged Mr. Soundararajan.
Many prominent multinational companies, including Apple and Amazon, have set up factories in India. But labor rights activists allege that many of them underpay and overwork their Indian employees and collude with state governments to clamp down on workers’ rights.
Shyam Sundar, a labor economist, said multinational corporations use various “human resource strategies” to prevent workers from forming unions in developing countries like India.
For one, they fiercely oppose workers joining external, politically-backed unions and encourage them to form “worker-led” internal ones. “This ensures that the management has some control over the union’s activities,” Mr. Sundar said.
Mr. Soundararajan alleged that the management at the Chennai plant had also approached workers with this solution, which they refused. The BBC has reached out to Samsung India for a response.
The second way, Mr. Sundar said, is by hiring young, unskilled workers, especially from rural areas, by attracting them with a good starting salary. “These ‘trainees’ are promised to be made permanent employees after a couple of months, but this does not happen. The salaries too remain stagnant or have very low increments.”
The rapid growth of “flexible workers” – employees hired on contract – has become a key strategy of multinational corporations to stop unionising by ensuring a pliant workforce, he added.
According to the latest government statistics, every two in five workers employed in factories in India in 2022 were contractual laborers, making up about 40% of the workforce in industrial establishments.
“Companies use the threat of re-location or non-expansion to discourage state governments from enforcing labor laws,” Mr. Sundar said. “But workers can leverage global labor unions to pressure companies to abide by international labor laws,” he added.
*Name changed to protect the worker’s identity
With inputs from Vijayanand Arumugam from BBC Tamil and Nikhil Inamdar from BBC News